", "
", "center", "70", "2", "2", "[Illustration]", SmallCapsText("The English bombardment of Gibralter.")) ?>

1100 B.C.(approx)	Cadiz founded by the Phoenicians.
800 B.C.(approx)	Rhodia founded on the coast of Catalonia.
264-241	First War between Rome and Carthage.
236 B.C.	Hamilcar entered Spain to make it a Carthaginian province.
228 B.C.	Hasdrubal continued the work of subjugation.
218 B.C.	Hannibal captured Saguntum; beginning of the Second Punic War.
206 B.C.	The Carthaginians driven from the Peninsula by Romans; who divide the country into Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior.
190 B.C.	Cato put down rebellion.
154 B.C.	The Romans defeated by the Lusitanians.
133 B.C.	Scipio destroyed Numantia; the growth of Roman civilization promoted.
105 B.C.	Great invasion from the Cimbri; the country saved by the Celteberi.
97 B.C.	The Celteberians rose against Rome, under Sertorius.
71 B.C.	Pompey reconquered the country for Rome.
61 B.C.	Caesar was governor of Further Spain.
49 B.C.	Civil war with Pompey.
45 B.C.	Caesar defeated Pompey's sons near Cordova, and became master of the Roman world.
27 B.C.	Augustus won decisive victories over the wild northern tribes.
19 B.C.	The Roman conquest of Spain complete; the country divided into three provinces; Tarraconensis, Baetica, and Lusitania; many Roman towns established.
256 A.D.	Spain ravaged by the Franks.
409	After a long period of prosperity, a tide of barbarism swept over the country.
414	The Visigoths entered Spain, under Ataulfus.
415	Wallia succeeded Ataulfus, conquered the barbarians and founded the Visigothic kingdom.
456	Theodoric II. defeated the Suevi.
466	Euric made the country still more independent of Rome and framed the Gothic Code.
483	Alaric II. became King.
506	The Story of the Greatest Nations Amalaric ruled; the kingdom declining before the Franks.
586	Recared, the first Catholic King of Spain, gave great power to the ecclesiastics; persecution of the Jews.
709	Roderick ruled all Spain.
711	The Saracens, under Tarik, entered Spain and overthrew the Gothic dominion; battle of Xeres.
718	The Christian Pelayo was made King in Asturias.
720	Battle of Covadonga.
731	Battle of Toulouse.
732	The Saracens defeated at Tours by Charles Martel; retreat of the Moors to southern Spain.
755	Abderahman landed in Spain and took command of Andalusia, making Cordova a splendid city and an independent Caliphate.
777	Unsuccessful invasion of Charlemagne.
778	Defeat of the Franks by the Basques at Roncesvalles.
788	Death of Abderahman.
837	The kingdom of Navarre founded.
910	Leon made the capital of the Spanish King, Garcia.
932	Fernan Gonsalez asserts the independence of Castile.
976	Beginning of the remarkable career of Almanzor, who conquered Leon, Barcelona, and Pampeluna, and was caliph in all but name till 1002.
1035	Ramirez I. established the Kingdom of Aragon.
1072	The King of Leon becomes King of Castile also; the Cid quarrels with him.
1085	Alfonso VI. of Castile captures Toledo.
1095	The Cid captures Valencia; Portugal taken from the Saracens by Henry of Besancon; dynasty of the Almoravides set up at Cordova.
1096	Pedro I. of Aragon defeats the Moors and Castilians at Alcoraz.
1099	Death of the Cid.
1137	Catalonia and Aragon united.
1144	Alfonso of Leon defeated the Moors; dynasty of the Almonades at Cordova.
1212	Victory of the Christians at Las Navas de Tolosa decided the fate of Spain.
1228	James of Aragon captures the Balearic Isles.
1230	Castile and Leon finally united.
1232	Fall of the Almonades.
1235	Ferdinand III. captured Cordova.
1238	The kingdom of Granada begun by the Moors.
1248	Ferdinand III. captured Seville; work on the Alhambra begun.
1274	The crown of Navarre passed to the royal family of France.
1367	Battle of Navarrete saves Pedro the Cruel.
1369	Death of Pedro.
1469	Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united the Christian dominions of Spain.
1481	Establishment of the Inquisition.
1492	Granada captured; Columbus sent to explore the western ocean.
1504	Death of Isabella.
1506	Death of Columbus.
1512	Ferdinand conquered the greater part of Navarre.
1516	Death of Ferdinand; accession of the House of Austria to the throne of Spain.
1519	Charles V. Emperor.
1522	The communes defeated at Villalar.
1556	Abdication of Charles; Philip II. reigned.
1571	Great sea-fight of Lepanto.
1572	Beginning of the long wars with Holland.
1580	Portugal successfully claimed.
1588	Destruction of the Spanish Armada.
1598	Philip III. became King.
1610	Expulsion of the Moors from Spain, with disastrous consequences to the country.
1620	Spain became involved in the Thirty Years' War between Bohemia and Austria.
1621	Philip IV. succeeded his father.
1631	The Treaty of Cherasco extorted by Richelieu; the Spaniards driven from the Rhine.
1640	Internal dissensions; Catalonia formed itself into a republic; revolt in Lisbon and the Portuguese crown assumed by John of Braganza.
1648	Spain transferred the districts of Brabant, Flanders and Limburg to Holland, and surrendered her claims to sovereignty over the northern provinces.
1659	By the Treaty of the Pyrenees, Spain gave Roussillon and Cerdagne and other possessions to France, while France recognized Catalonia as a province of Spain.
1665	The Spanish forces routed by the French at Villaviciosa; Charles II. became King, under regency of Maria Anna.
1668	Spain purchased the restoration of Franche-Comte by ceding part of Flanders to France in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
1668	Independence of Portugal acknowledged.
1680	France secured more Spanish territory.
1686	Spain became a member of the league of Augsburg.
1697	The war between France and Spain concluded by the Treaty of Ryswick; the Spanish succession became an important question.
1700	Charles II. died, bequeathing the succession to Philip of Bourbon, who became Philip V. of Spain.
1701	War of the Spanish Succession.
1705	Charles III. was acknowledged in Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia.
1713	Treaty of Utrecht, between England, France, Spain and Holland; Philip V. acknowledged; administration of Alberoni; the Queen's ambitions.
1729	England, France and Holland formed an offensive and defensive alliance with Spain.
1739	Maritime war with England.
1745	Ferdinand IV. became King.
1748	Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
1759	Accession of Charles III.
1779	Spain allied herself with the American colonists.
1788	Charles IV. became King; Spanish fortunes influenced by the French revolution; schemes of the Queen and Godoy.
1801	Spain attacked Portugal in the interests of France.
1803	Bonaparte compelled a burdensome treaty, involving Spain in a new war with England.
1808	Charles IV. abdicated and the crown of Spain was conferred by Napoleon on his brother Joseph; the people infuriated.
1814	Ferdinand VII. was released from captivity and permitted to become ruler of Spain.
1818	Ferdinand sold Florida to the United States.
1820	The Inquisition abolished by the Cortes and other reforms instituted.
1823	The King revoked all acts of the Cortes.
1833	Isabella proclaimed Queen, with her mother regent; the Carlist struggle; faction and intrigue during the reign.
1868	The people revolted and Isabella fled to France; Serrano regent during the interregnum.
1870	Assassination of General Prim.
1871	Amadeus became constitutional king.
1873	Amadeus resigned and a provisional republic was formed.
1874	The monarchy restored and crown accepted by Alfonso XII.
1876	Termination of the Carlist War.
1885	Death of Alfonso XII.
1886	Birth of a posthumous son to Alfonso XII. and Maria Christina; regency of the Queen.
1897	Canovas, the prime minister, assassinated.
1898	Disastrous war with the United States.
1901	Marriage of the Infanta Maria and Prince Charles of Bourbon.
1902	Coronation of Alfonso XIII.
1903	Death of Prime Minister Sagasta.

Hispanic History